Concept 27 Mutations are changes in genetic information.
First page of Muller's 1921 paper on variations.
A young Hermann Muller.
Herman Muller's high school photo.
Hermann Muller in his lab in Austin.
Hermann Muller in Austin, circa 1920s.
Hermann Muller teaching a class at Indiana University.
Hermann Muller receiving his Nobel Prize from the King of Sweden, 1946.
Hermann Muller and some of his staff in the Fly room at Indiana University.
Alfred Hershey and Seymour Benzer at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1953 Symposium.
Seymour Benzer with a tube of Drosophila.
Seymour Benzer in labcoat.
Seymour Benzer and his pet fly, 1974.
Hermann Muller suffered a bout of depression in the late '20s after his X-ray work. He tried to commit suicide by taking an overdose of pills.
If X-rays can cause mutations, how come doctors and dentists still use them to see inside the body?
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First page of Muller's 1921 paper on variations.
DNA and proteins are key molecules of the cell nucleus.
One gene makes one protein.
A gene is made of DNA.
Bacteria and viruses have DNA too.
The DNA molecule is shaped like a twisted ladder.
A half DNA ladder is a template for copying the whole.
RNA is an intermediary between DNA and protein.
DNA words are three letters long.
A gene is a discrete sequence of DNA nucleotides.
The RNA message is sometimes edited.
Some viruses store genetic information in RNA.
RNA was the first genetic molecule.
Mutations are changes in genetic information.
Some types of mutations are automatically repaired.