Scale space dynamics
The complexity of turbulence arises from the intricacies of energy exchange among different
scales of motion (non-linearity effects) and the nearly intractable interactions between different
regions of the flow (non-locality effects).
Real-world turbulent flows are nearly always inhomogeneous featuring exponential
instabilities and often spectral representation is not valid.
The need to develop a mathematical framework for describing scale-to-scale energy transfer and multi-point interactions led to several
formulations.